Trading Psychologist Explains Why Discipline Often Fails Traders
And May Actually Cause You To Ruin Your Account
What really works when willpower fails you
Discipline fails traders often - creating over trading, impulsive trading, revenge trading, FOMO, cutting profits short - and more. Why? According to a noted trading psychologist with 36 years of private practice experience, discipline is the wrong tool for traders.
Trading errors — revenge trading, FOMO, over-leveraging, premature exits — are driven by subconscious emotional programs, not conscious decision failures. These programs were formed early in life and fire automatically under stress. Research confirms that willpower is a depletable resource that degrades under emotional load (Baumeister et al., 1998), and that effective traders rely on emotion regulation — not self-control — as their primary performance skill (Fenton-O'Creevy et al., 2011). The solution is not more discipline. The solution is identifying and neutralizing the subconscious programs that cause rule-breaking in the first place.
Discipline gets all the credit in trading. But it shouldn't. Here's why:
Everyone says it. "Just be disciplined." "Follow your rules." "Stick to your plan."
But here's the thing…
If discipline was the answer, you'd already be a consistently winning trader. Right?
You're smart. You know your method. You KNOW what you're supposed to do.
And yet… you keep breaking your rules.
You keep over trading. You keep revenge trading after losses. You keep hesitating on good setups. You keep taking premature profits.
So what's really going on here?
This article explains why relying on willpower often fails — and gives you practical, psychology-based alternatives that actually improve results.
When we look deeper than rules and routines, we usually find emotional triggers quietly undoing good intentions.
Below, I'll introduce my Rapid Deletion Method. And I'll show you how personalized coaching with a trading psychologist can give you targeted support to address those deeper obstacles.
Here's what we'll cover:
✓ Why discipline breaks down for many traders
✓ The emotional triggers that routinely sabotage results
✓ How the Rapid Deletion Method tackles those blocks
✓ The practical advantages of one-on-one coaching with a trading psychologist
✓ Actionable strategies to stop self-sabotage
Let's dive in.
Why Does Discipline Fail Traders Despite Their Best Efforts?
On the surface, discipline looks simple. Make a plan. Follow the rules. Repeat.
Easy, right?
Wrong.
Most traders assume sheer willpower and a written plan are enough. But that view misses something HUGE.
It misses the subconscious forces and emotional responses that can destroy even the best rules… in the heat of the moment.
As a trading psychologist with 36 years of experience, I've seen this pattern so many times. Smart traders. Good methods. Terrible results. Because the REAL problem is hidden beneath the surface.
Let me start by defining willpower. Because people use this word all the time, but they mean different things by it.
Understanding Willpower: Resisting Trading Impulses
At its core, willpower is your mental ability to resist temptations — impulses, bad habits, or cravings — while those urges are happening. Its effectiveness depends on the effort required and on your executive-function skills.
Here's the problem.
Willpower works AGAINST your impulses. It fights them. It's like putting a lid on a boiling pot of water. The steam keeps building up inside.
So, you can clamp that lid down harder. Which is just like promising yourself: "I WILL be disciplined today."
But the steam — which is your emotions — keeps building.
And over time — either that trade, the next one, after a series of losses, or even after an extended period of winning…
Your lid explodes. As does your trading account.
Because you were using the WRONG tool to solve a trading psychology problem.
That's why discipline and willpower are destined to fail. They don't address the ROOT CAUSE of your trading psychology challenges. They just try to overpower the symptoms.
And you cannot overpower your subconscious mind. Your conscious mind is not nearly strong enough to stop revenge trading, over trading, FOMO trading over time.
Willpower is the mental capacity that resists temptations — impulses, habits, or cravings — working against those urges without prior commitment. Its effectiveness depends on both the effort required and a person's executive-function skills. Critically, research shows willpower is not a fixed trait — it varies with stress, fatigue, and emotional load.
Source: Inzlicht, M. & Friese, M. — "Willpower with and without effort," Current Opinion in Psychology, 2021
How Do Subconscious Trading Blocks Undermine Discipline?
Let me be very clear about something.
Subconscious trading blocks are the REAL reason smart traders do stupid things.
What are these blocks? They're hidden beliefs. Conditioned reactions. Programs that got installed in your mind — mostly before you were 8 years old.
Write this down: Birth to age 8. That's when most of your subconscious programming was formed.
These programs come from:
• Past trading losses (your mind remembers the pain)
• Family messages about money and self-worth ("money doesn't grow on trees," "you have to struggle to make money")
• Early success and failure patterns from childhood
• What your parents, teachers, and peers told you about yourself
Here's a real example.
A trader gets burned badly on a trade. Loses a lot of money. The pain is intense. Now, that loss gets STORED in the subconscious mind. As a memory. As an emotion.
The next time a similar setup appears — even a great setup — his subconscious mind screams: "DANGER! REMEMBER WHAT HAPPENED LAST TIME!"
So what happens? He hesitates. He second-guesses the entry. He moves his stop too close. He fails to scale in. His conscious mind KNOWS it's a good trade. But his subconscious mind has taken over. And the subconscious always wins.
Your subconscious mind is as powerful as a mighty lion. Your conscious mind? It's as weak as a tiny kitten compared to that lion. The kitten cannot beat the lion. No matter how hard it tries.
This is why working with a trading psychologist who understands the subconscious mind is so different from just reading another trading book or watching another YouTube video.
The amygdala encodes emotionally charged experiences — including financial losses — with heightened intensity. These stored emotional memories trigger automatic behavioral responses that bypass conscious reasoning. Loss aversion, a well-documented cognitive bias, is rooted in this mechanism: losses feel roughly twice as powerful as equivalent gains, creating subconscious avoidance patterns that override a trader's stated intentions.
Source: Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. — "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk," Econometrica, 1979; LeDoux, J. — The Emotional Brain, 1996
What Does Neuroscience Reveal About Willpower and Trading Stress?
When you're under stress, your brain's ability to make calm, clear decisions goes WAY down.
Your brain starts taking shortcuts. Emotional reactions take over. You become more impulsive. Your focus disappears.
Research shows that willpower can actually be DEPLETED. It's like a battery that runs out. This is called "decision fatigue."
After making lots of decisions — especially stressful ones — your ability to make GOOD decisions drops off a cliff.
Sound familiar? You're trading fine in the morning. Then you take a few losses. By afternoon, you're trading like a completely different person. An impulsive, emotional, rule-breaking person.
That's decision fatigue. That's willpower depletion.
When willpower is depleted, people make worse choices, miss opportunities, and lose concentration. Decision fatigue pushes toward impulsive picks or paralysis — both costly in markets. Glucose depletion, sleep deprivation, and emotional arousal all accelerate this process. The good news: through neuroplasticity, consistent and targeted practice can strengthen the mental skills that support persistence and sound decision-making.
Source: Baumeister, R.F. et al. — "Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998; see also: Muraven, M. & Baumeister, R.F. — "Self-Regulation and Depletion of Limited Resources," Psychological Bulletin, 2000
The good news? Your brain can adapt. Through neuroplasticity — which means your brain can change and rewire itself — you can build NEW mental skills. But you have to do the RIGHT kind of work. Not just white-knuckling through with more discipline.
What Are the Common Emotional Triggers That Sabotage Trading Success?
Let me ask you some honest questions.
Do you move stops, or remove them? Do you add too much size, especially after a series of losses? Do you trade impulsively — often out of FOMO? Do you blow up accounts? Is trading messing up other parts of your life?
Do you feel FEAR when you're about to enter a trade? Do you get GREEDY when a trade is going your way… and you hold too long? Or do you get fearful, and get out way too fast?
How many of you feel FOMO — Fear Of Missing Out — when the market moves without you?
Be honest. This business requires it.
These emotions STEER your behavior away from your strategy. Any experienced trading psychologist will tell you — these emotional patterns are predictable. And with the right approach, they're fixable.
How Do Fear, Greed, and FOMO Impact Trading Decisions?
Let's break these down.
FEAR can force you to:
• Exit trades too early (premature profits)
• Miss good setups entirely
• Hesitate until the move is over
• Refuse to pull the trigger on trade after trade
GREED can tempt you to:
• Hold way past your exit point
• Add size when you shouldn't
• Ignore your stop loss
• Turn a winning trade into a losing trade
FOMO can make you:
• Jump into positions without proper analysis
• Chase trades after they've already moved
• Buy at the top, sell at the bottom
• Throw your trading plan out the window
Each of these emotions changes how you see risk. Changes your timing. And produces the EXACT OPPOSITE of what your plan intended.
Here's something most traders don't realize about FOMO. While most traders accurately describe FOMO as a lack of patience — lack of patience is JUST THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG.
There are usually at least 2 hidden subconscious programs lurking under the surface of FOMO. One is often a hidden lack of faith — a hidden lack of confidence in yourself or in your method. Another is often a hidden belief that you're not destined for good things… that you're somehow doomed to struggle… or that good things don't last.
This program forces you to GRAB IT… AND GRAB IT NOW… even though you've lost your edge.
You can SCREAM at yourself, "WAIT — BE PATIENT — SLOW DOWN — DON'T CHASE!" You can beg yourself. You can ask your spouse to remind you.
With NO consistent or lasting results.
Because your subconscious mind will still take over until you DELETE these programs.
Why Do Revenge Trading and Impulsiveness Persist?
I want to tell you a story about David. Listen carefully.
David had just been stopped out three times in a row. He was mad. He couldn't believe that, yet again, he had lost three trades in a row. Despite all his study. All his work. Despite executing his method properly.
After that third loss, something happened. It was like a fuse got blown. He started to lose control.
Why?
Because David saw himself as a WINNER. When he lost, his self-worth went down. He felt smaller. Weaker. And David HATED those feelings. Plus, David felt embarrassed by his losses. He wanted to prove to himself — and to his wife, and to everyone who knew about his trading — that he COULD win.
He was angry. His conscious mind had lost control. His subconscious had taken over. He lost the ability to see the screen clearly and interpret its signals.
Even though his method called for a long — because he was so emotional, so impulsive — he just went short. And he lost.
He became an emotional trading animal. Taking one impulse trade after another. Long when he should have been short. Short when he should have been long.
How many of you can relate to David's story?
Revenge trading is an emotional attempt to ERASE losses — to get back the money, to get back your self-esteem. It usually involves taking outsized risks, which typically deepens the losses.
Impulsiveness often reflects unaddressed emotional drivers. Hidden subconscious programs. Weak self-monitoring. Both behaviors show that you need EMOTIONAL REGULATION tools. Not just tougher rules.
Loss-chasing behavior — taking escalating risks after losses to recover — is well-documented in both gambling and trading research. It is driven by emotional dysregulation, not rational calculation. Studies show that after a loss, the brain's reward circuitry shifts toward risk-seeking rather than risk-aversion, overriding the trader's planned behavior. This is a neurological response, not a character flaw.
Source: Shefrin, H. & Statman, M. — "The Disposition to Sell Winners Too Early and Ride Losers Too Long," Journal of Finance, 1985; Barberis, N. — "A Model of Casino Gambling," Management Science, 2012
What Is the Rapid Deletion Method and How Does It Address Discipline Failure?
Now I'm going to share what I've developed over 36 years of working with thousands of clients.
My Rapid Deletion Method targets the subconscious beliefs and emotional hooks that trigger poor choices.
This is NOT about gritting your teeth harder. This is NOT about hoping for better behavior.
This is about REMOVING or REFRAMING the automatic responses that lead to impulsive trades.
About Steve Ira Present — Trading Psychologist
My name is Steve Ira Present. I have a Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology. I've been in private consulting practice for 36 years. For the past 15 years, I've worked as a trading psychologist, helping traders overcome serious trading psychology challenges.
My work led to the development of the Rapid Deletion Method (RDM) — a step-by-step system designed to greatly neutralize the power of hidden subconscious programs and emotional reactions that sabotage trading success.
• Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology
• 36 Years Private Consulting Practice
• 15 Years Trading Psychology Specialist
• Board Certified in NLP and Hypnosis
I'm talking about traders who:
• Over trade (and can't seem to stop)
• Revenge trade (especially after a series of losses)
• Impulse trade
• Suffer from FOMO
• Cut winners short
• Blow up accounts
• Move or remove stops on their big red days
• Can't follow their rules no matter how hard they try
I developed the Rapid Deletion Method because I saw that other methods — hypnosis, NLP, positive affirmations, meditation, EFT, TFT — just weren't getting LASTING results for trading issues.
Why? Because they don't DELETE the root cause.
Imagine your computer has a virus. You install a new program, thinking that will fix the problem. But within a short time, the old problems return. Because the virus is still there. Infecting everything. Degrading performance.
Until you DELETE the virus, no amount of new programs will fix the problem. My method finds that virus in your subconscious mind. And DELETES it.
How Does Steve Ira Present's Approach Differ from Traditional Discipline Methods?
Traditional methods say: "Just tighten your rules. Be more disciplined. White-knuckle through it." That's like putting a lid on a boiling pot. The steam builds and builds until it explodes.
My approach as a trading psychologist says: "Let's turn off the heat."
Let's find the INTERNAL DRIVERS behind your rule-breaking. Let's DELETE them. So your behavior naturally aligns with your plan.
No fighting. No forcing. No willpower battles. When the programs are deleted, trading flows. You relax. You trade your method — not your mind, not your emotions. And the market rewards you.
What Are the Core Principles Behind Emotional Deletion in Trading?
Emotional deletion is NOT about suppressing your feelings. It's about IDENTIFYING the beliefs and feelings that drive your trading choices. Then WEAKENING or REPLACING those patterns with responses that work FOR you instead of against you.
The goal is REWIRING — so emotional reactions no longer hijack your decision-making and risk management.
When you delete the fear, the anger, the need to prove yourself, the embarrassment around losing… trading becomes almost peaceful. Like floating downstream. You wait for good trades. You stop hunting them. You stop fighting the market. You pull the trigger without hesitation. You follow your rules without internal warfare.
How Can Personalized Trading Psychology Coaching Lead to Consistent Profits?
Let me be straight with you about something. You cannot do brain surgery on yourself.
Yes, you're smart. Yes, you've read books and watched videos and tried different techniques. But here's the problem: your ego — your pride — can distort the truth when you're working on yourself.
You don't always see your own blind spots. You don't know how to find the ROOT CAUSE of your subconscious programs. You don't know what's connected to what.
Your subconscious mind is like a spider's web. Each program is connected to others. You can't just yank out one piece — you need to find all the connections.
This is why personalized trading psychology coaching matters. It gives you tailored tools that match your specific psychology, trading style, and goals. Instead of one-size-fits-all advice, coaching with a skilled trading psychologist identifies the exact patterns holding you back and builds practical interventions to change them.
Who Benefits Most from One-on-One Trading Psychology Coaching?
Personal, 1:1 trading psychology coaching can be very helpful for traders who cannot control their emotions — especially when the market is moving against them.
One-on-one coaching with a trading psychologist is ideal for traders who:
• Cannot control their emotions, especially after losing (and sometimes, even after winning)
• Repeat the same mistakes over and over
• Keep ruining their trading accounts — or leave WAY too much money on the table
• Have inconsistent performance
• Find themselves revenge trading after losses
• Can't follow their plan no matter how hard they try
• Hesitate and miss good trades
• Take premature profits
• Get overconfident after win streaks and then self-destruct
1:1 coaching speeds insight. More importantly, it is designed to create change. Plus, it installs accountability into the trader's mind — so that peak performance can result.
100% Satisfaction Guarantee
Steve is the ONLY trading psychologist in the world who will spend 2–3 hours with you during your first session — and if you don't love the results, he will give you your money back. No questions asked.
That guarantee has been honored continuously for 15 years.
The first coaching session comes with a no-risk guarantee. You can experience the process without financial worry.
✓ See how coaching fits your needs
✓ Try a technique
✓ Decide if this approach helps you trade more consistently
No risk to you. Period.
How Can Traders Overcome Self-Sabotage and Emotional Trading Patterns?
Beating self-sabotage requires a combination of self-awareness, emotion regulation practice, and simple behavioral rules that protect your decision quality when stress hits.
Let me give you some practical strategies you can start using today.
What Strategies Help Control Subconscious Programs Like FOMO and Unworthiness?
Mindfulness Practices
Short, regular exercises that increase your awareness of emotional states — so you can PAUSE before acting. This isn't about meditating for an hour. It's about building the HABIT of noticing your emotions without immediately reacting.
That pause — even a few seconds — gives you space to follow your plan instead of reacting to fear or greed. Over time, mindfulness also improves focus and reduces stress during high-pressure market moments.
But let me be honest: mindfulness HELPS — but if your volcano of emotions is really powerful, mindfulness alone probably won't be enough. It's like using a garden hose to fight a forest fire. You need to DELETE the root cause of those emotions, not just manage them on the surface.
Journaling
Record your trades, the reasoning behind them, and THE EMOTIONS YOU FELT. This creates an evidence base you can learn from.
I recommend keeping track of:
• Your thoughts BEFORE the trade
• Your thoughts DURING the trade
• Your thoughts AFTER the trade
• Your body tension before, during, and after (scale of 0–10)
• Your emotions during and after
• Your heart rate before, during, and after
• Whether you entered and exited according to your rules
This data shows you what's REALLY happening. Not what you THINK is happening. Without accurate data, you're just guessing. And guessing doesn't lead to consistent results.
Setting Realistic Goals
Here's something critical: STOP measuring your success by money. That puts pressure on you. And pressure equals lousy performance.
Your only measures of success should be: (1) Are you trading your method accurately? (2) Are you trading in peace?
When you get those two things right, the money comes. Get rid of long-term financial goals for now. Stop measuring your success by your P&L. The money comes when you drop your financial goals and focus on the PROCESS.
How Does Emotional Mastery Improve Trading Discipline and Performance?
Emotional mastery is NOT about eliminating feelings. It's about MANAGING your responses so emotions don't control your choices.
The payoffs include:
Improved Decision-Making: Less impulsivity. More adherence to your strategy. When you're not fighting internal emotional battles, you can actually SEE the chart clearly. You can interpret signals accurately. You can think straight when the heat is on.
Increased Resilience: Faster recovery from losses. Steadier performance over time. Listen — you WILL lose. One out of every three or four trades, give or take. Your ability to recover from those losses — instantly, emotionally — is what makes you a winner.
Enhanced Focus: Fewer distractions. Stronger execution on your best setups. When the emotional noise is deleted, you can focus on what matters: the present moment, the chart in front of you, your method.
A qualitative study examining 17 professional traders across two investment banks found that effective emotional control is central to better trading performance. Traders who actively regulated their emotions showed more consistent decision-making and better risk management. Those who suppressed emotions rather than processing them showed worse outcomes over time. The study identified specific emotion-regulation practices that distinguished high performers from average traders.
Source: Fenton-O'Creevy, M., Soane, E., Nicholson, N., & Willman, P. — "Thinking, Feeling and Deciding: The Influence of Emotions on the Decision Making and Performance of Traders," Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2011
Simple Strategies Compared
Here's a quick reference showing methods that support emotional stability and better trading results. If your challenges are not that severe, these methods may be sufficient for you.
| Method | What It Is | Key Benefit |
|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness Practices | Short exercises to increase present-moment awareness | Stronger emotional control |
| Journaling | Documenting trades, rationale, and feelings | Clear insight into patterns |
| Setting Realistic Goals | Defining achievable trading objectives (NOT money goals) | Reduced pressure and improved focus |
Approaches Compared: Why Emotional Work Beats Pure Willpower
| Approach | Focus | Result |
|---|---|---|
| Traditional Discipline | Relying mainly on willpower | Often limited, short-lived gains |
| Rapid Deletion Method | Targeting emotional patterns at the root | Better consistency over time |
| Personalized Coaching | Tailored interventions and accountability | Higher chance of lasting change |
Frequently Asked Questions
What are some common signs that a trader is struggling with discipline?
Look for these patterns in yourself: frequent emotional trades, repeatedly breaking your plan, impulsive entries or exits, a cycle of revenge trading after losses, heightened anxiety around decisions, chronic second-guessing, and physical symptoms — chest tightening, heart racing, stomach twisting, holding your breath.
If you answered yes to ANY of these, there are subconscious programs running that need to be deleted. Stop beating yourself up for doing crazy stuff in your trading. It's not your fault — you got these programs before you were old enough to reject them. But it IS your responsibility to fix them.
How can mindfulness practices specifically benefit traders?
Mindfulness builds the HABIT of noticing emotions without immediately reacting. That pause — even a few seconds — gives you space to follow your plan instead of reacting to fear or greed. Over time, mindfulness also improves focus and reduces stress during high-pressure market moments.
Mindfulness HELPS — but it's not the complete solution for most traders with serious challenges. It depends on how strong your volcano is. Mindfulness is a tool, not the cure.
What role does journaling play in improving trading discipline?
Journaling creates an EVIDENCE BASE you can learn from. By recording what you did and why — and how you felt — you uncover predictable mistakes and emotional triggers. That awareness is the first step toward changing behavior. Without accurate data, you're just guessing. And guessing doesn't lead to consistent results.
How can traders effectively manage stress during trading?
Use a routine: scheduled breaks, short breathing or grounding exercises, regular physical activity. Set realistic targets. Keep a balanced perspective on wins and losses. When stress spikes, follow pre-planned safeguards: timeouts, reduced position size, walking away for the day.
Most importantly: If you are not physically, emotionally, and mentally at least a 7 out of 10 — don't trade that day. Rate yourself every day BEFORE you start trading. If you break even one of the rules about trading in the right state, you're putting your trading profits and your trading career at risk.
What is the importance of emotional regulation in trading success?
Emotional regulation underpins EVERYTHING. Consistent decision-making. Following your rules. Recovering from losses. Staying focused. Traders who manage their emotions are less prone to impulsive errors, faster to recover from setbacks, and better at sticking to their strategies. This produces steadier results. Period.
Without emotional regulation, even the best method in the world won't save you.
Here's the holy grail of trading: Emotionally accepting losses in your guts — not in your head, in your GUTS. When you emotionally accept losses, you trade your method. You win 2 out of 3, or whatever your methodology gives you. And the money flows.
What are the potential benefits of personalized coaching for traders?
Coaching with a qualified trading psychologist delivers: tailored strategies that address YOUR specific patterns (not generic advice), accountability, and accelerated learning. It helps you practice new responses until they become AUTOMATIC. This increases the chances of consistent profits and a healthier relationship with trading.
You can read books. You can watch videos. You can try to do this yourself. But having someone who specializes in this — who has worked with hundreds of traders — who can find YOUR specific subconscious programs and DELETE them — that's a completely different ballgame.
The Bottom Line
Trading demands that you emotionally accept losses.
Write that down. Put it on your trading screen.
When you emotionally accept losses — deep in your guts, not just in your head — you've found the holy grail. Then you trade your method. Then you win 2 out of 3, or whatever your methodology gives you. Then the money comes.
But if you're fighting internal battles… if subconscious programs are hijacking your emotions… if you keep doing the same stupid things over and over despite KNOWING better…
Then you need to go deeper than discipline. You need to DELETE the root cause.
That's what I do as a trading psychologist. That's what the Rapid Deletion Method is designed for. And that's why I offer a full money-back guarantee on your first session. Because I KNOW it works.
Ready to Finally Fix Your Trading Psychology?
Schedule a no-cost introductory consultation — but only if you meet the requirements:
✓ You must already know how to trade
✓ You must not be trading with scared money
✓ Making it as a trader must be one of your top priorities in life
tradingpsychologyhelp.com
Call: (305) 662-6800
Take care,
Steve Ira Present, M.S.
Master's Degree in Clinical Psychology
36 Years Private Consulting Practice
15 Years Trading Psychology Specialist
Board Certified in NLP and Hypnosis
Research References
Inzlicht, M. & Friese, M. (2021). Willpower with and without effort. Current Opinion in Psychology.
Baumeister, R.F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D.M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5).
Muraven, M. & Baumeister, R.F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources. Psychological Bulletin, 126(2).
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2).
LeDoux, J. (1996). The Emotional Brain. Simon & Schuster.
Shefrin, H. & Statman, M. (1985). The disposition to sell winners too early and ride losers too long. Journal of Finance, 40(3).
Fenton-O'Creevy, M., Soane, E., Nicholson, N., & Willman, P. (2011). Thinking, feeling and deciding: The influence of emotions on the decision making and performance of traders. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(8).
